J. Biodivers. Conservation 10(2):152-162 – 2026
ISSN: 2457-0761 (online)
Pramod Kumar Soni1, Ajay B Jadhao2, Saraswati Majhi3, 4, Tapan Kumar Samal5 and Romita Devi6*
1 MD Dravyaguna, Shri NPA GAC, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
2 Department of Botany, Shankarrao Bhoyar Patil Mahavidyalaya (Arts and Science), Pulgaon, Wardha, affiliated to RTM Nagpur University, Maharashtra, India
3 Department of Life Sciences, Rama Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
4 P.G. Department of Botany, Shailabala Women’s Autonomous College, Cuttack, affiliated to Rama Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
5 Department of Botany, Gorumahisani Iron Higher Secondary School, Gorumahisani, Rairangpur, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India
6 Department of Botany, MLSM College, Sundernagar, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
*Email-Id: romitasharma10@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1922-7478
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20619055
Article Details: Received: 2026-05-20 | Accepted: 2026-06-08 | Available online: 2026-06-10
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Abstract: The increasing global burden of cancer points toward the urgent need for novel, effective and safer therapeutic agents. In this context, sesquiterpenes from the Asteraceae family offer a promising natural reservoir for anticancer drug discovery due to their structural diversity and potent biological activities. The family Asteraceae represents a significant source of structurally diverse sesquiterpenes. This study compiles and reviews sesquiterpenoid compounds reported from various Asteraceae species, highlighting their ethnomedicinal relevance and cytotoxic activities. Data were compiled through an extensive literature survey using scientific databases and carefully selected keywords related to Asteraceae, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones and anticancer activity. The collected information was systematically analyzed to identify major compound classes, their plant distribution and associated pharmacological effects. Major constituents such as β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, germacrene D and spathulenol were found to be widely distributed across various species. These compounds are reported to exhibit diverse biological activities, particularly anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, which may contribute indirectly to cancer prevention and therapeutic support. Their widespread occurrence across multiple genera also suggests a conserved biosynthetic capacity within the family. This review emphasizes their distribution across plant species, documented cytotoxic and pharmacological effects and their overall relevance as lead compounds in future cancer research and drug development strategies.
Keywords: Anti-proliferation, cancer, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, sesquiterpenes
Introduction
The plant family Asteraceae (Compositae) is one of the largest and most widely distributed families in the plant kingdom, comprising more than 1,600 genera and over 23,000 species (Kacholi, 2026). It is not only ecologically dominant across diverse habitats but also recognized for its ornamental and aesthetic value (Nadaf et al., 2025). Species such as Chrysanthemum indicum, Bidens pilosa, Chromolaena odorata, Eclipta prostrata and Tridax procumbens are widely appreciated for their bright inflorescences and vibrant floral structures. This ornamental richness has significantly contributed to horticulture, landscaping and cultural symbolism across different regions. However, beyond this visible beauty lies deeper biochemical richness, where these visually appealing plants serve as reservoirs of structurally diverse and pharmacologically important secondary metabolites. A key feature of the Asteraceae family is its extraordinary capacity to produce specialized metabolites (Rolnik and Olas, 2021), particularly terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloids, which function as chemical defenses against herbivores, pathogens and environmental stress. Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones areimportant compounds found among them, known for their diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities (Teng et al., 2025). Structurally, sesquiterpenes are C15 terpenoids derived from the mevalonate pathway and their chemical diversity is greatly expanded through oxidation, cyclization and lactonization processes (Cheng et al., 2025), resulting in a broad range of bioactive derivatives.In recent decades, cancer has emerged as one of the leading global health challenges, with steadily increasing incidence and mortality rates worldwide (Siegel et al., 2025). Factors such as population aging, environmental pollution, unhealthy lifestyles and genetic predisposition have contributed to its rapid spread (Wu et al., 2024). Despite significant advances in modern medicine, conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted drugs often suffer from limitations including severe side effects, low selectivity, drug resistance and high treatment costs (Zafar et al., 2025). These challenges have intensified the search for safer, more effective and naturally derived therapeutic agents. In this context, plant-derived natural products have gained significant attention and sesquiterpenoids, a class of terpenoids stand out as promising anticancer candidates. A wide range of Asteraceae species produce biologically active sesquiterpenes with notable cytotoxic properties (Ivanescu et al., 2015). Common sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, germacrene D, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide are widely distributed in species like Sphagneticola calendulacea, Chromolaena odorata, Bidens pilosa, Tridax procumbens and Eclipta prostrata, where they contribute to anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects (Sotto et al., 2020). These compounds are often associated with modulation of signaling pathways involved in tumor progression and cell survival. More importantly, sesquiterpene lactones represent the most potent anticancer subgroup within Asteraceae, characterized by the presence of an electrophilic α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety that enables covalent interaction with cellular nucleophiles (Babaei et al., 2018). For example, compounds such as parthenin, coronopilin, hymenin and ambrosin from Parthenium hysterophorus, a wide spread invasive weed in the Indian subcontinent, demonstrated strong cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities against various cancer cell lines (Nagarkar et al., 2025). Interestingly, many of these medicinal plants are also deeply rooted in ethnomedicinal practices, where they are traditionally used for treating wounds, inflammation, skin diseases, fever and infections (Lata and Sharma, 2024). This traditional knowledge strongly correlates with their modern pharmacological validation, suggesting that their therapeutic effects may be attributed to the presence of these bioactive sesquiterpenes. The convergence of traditional usage and scientific evidence reinforces the importance of Asteraceae (Plate 1) as a valuable source for drug discovery. The diversity of sesquiterpenes within this family not only reflects evolutionary adaptation but also provides a rich chemical library for the development of novel anticancer agents (Zhang et al., 2005). Given the increasing global burden of cancer and the limitations of current therapies, this review explores the sesquiterpenoids from selected members of Asteraceae, offering a promising and sustainable pathway for future pharmaceutical research and drug development.
Methodology
The present review was conducted through a comprehensive assessment of available literature concerning the family Asteraceae. Relevant information was collected from major scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Plants of the World Online (POWO), to obtain updated taxonomic information as well as peer-reviewed articles, review studies, ethnobotanical reports and pharmacological investigations. Specific search terms such as “cancer”, “anti-cancer compounds”, “secondary metabolites”, “sesquiterpenes”, “ethnomedicinal applications” and “proliferation” were employed to identify particular studies. Furthermore, regional floras, books and published reports documenting traditional medicinal knowledge and species distribution were also examined. Only studies providing authentic scientific evidence and validated ethnomedicinal information were considered for inclusion. The collected data were critically evaluated, synthesized and organized into relevant thematic sections to provide a coherent and systematic presentation of the findings. (Kumar, 2025; Sahu et al., 2026).
Anti-cancer sesquiterpenes from the Asteraceae family
The Asteraceae family is a rich source of anti-cancer sesquiterpenes, mainly in the form of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (e.g., β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, germacrene D) and sesquiterpene lactones (e.g., parthenin, coronopilin, ambrosin, goyazensolide) (Satapathy et al., 2024; Praise et al., 2025). Among them, sesquiterpene lactones show stronger cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activity, often linked to apoptosis induction through reactive lactone groups (Jankovská et al., 2026). In contrast, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons generally exhibit moderate anti-cancer effects and often contribute to anti-inflammatory activity. Ethnomedicinal uses include wound healing, skin treatment
Plate 1: Plant species of Asteraceae (a) Sphagneticola calendulacea, (b) Acmella radicans, (c) Vicoa indica, (d) Eclipta prostrata, (e) Mikania micrantha and (f) Centratherum punctatum and anti-inflammatory applications. These compounds are widely distributed across genera such as Acmella, Chromolaena, Bidens and Parthenium, indicating their conserved role in plant defense (Bartolome et al., 2013; Kaur et al., 2021), align well with the reported bioactivities (Table 1), supporting traditional knowledge associated with members of Asteraceae and making them an important natural reservoir of bioactive sesquiterpenes with strong potential for anti-cancer drug discovery.
Table 1: Diversity of anti-cancer sesquiterpenes in the family Asteraceae
Plant species | Common name(s) | Ethnomedicinal use(s) | Anti-cancer Sesquiterpene(s) | Source(s) |
Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.Jansen | Toothache plant | Flowers are chewed to relieve toothache. | Spathulenol and Nerolidol derived from the flower’s essential oil prevented the proliferation of oral cancer by inducing apoptosis. | Mamidala and Gujjeti, (2013); Satapathy et al., (2024) |
Acmella radicans (Jacq.) R.K.Jansen (Plate 1b) | White spot-flower | Whole plant is used in dysentery. | β-Caryophyllene, Caryophyllene Oxide, Spathulenol have anti-proliferative activities. | Rahman et al., (2016); Yang et al., (2024) |
Bidens pilosa L. | Spanish needle | Used to treat snake bites and wounds. | E-caryophyllene, α-humulene and germacrene-D have cytotoxic potential. | Bartolome et al., (2013) |
Centratherum punctatum Cass. (Plate 1f) | Brazilian button flower | Used in liver problems. | Centratherin is potent against glioblastoma and colorectal cancers. Centratherolides (A-G) and Goyazensolidehave cytotoxic potential. | Khong et al., (2025); Vishva et al., (2022) |
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King&H.Rob. | Siam weed | It is used against skin ailments. | β-Caryophyllene, Germacrene D and Caryophyllene oxide have notable cytotoxic potential against various human cancer cell lines. | Dougnon and Ito, (2021); Praise et al., (2025); Paul et al., (2026) |
Chrysanthemum indicum L. | Indian chrysanthemum | In treatment of pneumonia, colitis and stomatitis | Guaianolides and Germacranes are highly active cytotoxic compounds, while Eudesmanes are known for specific hydroxylation. | Liu et al., (2023); Dahiya et al., (2025) |
Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. | Little ironweed | Decoction from leaves and flowers is used in treating fever. | Hirsutinolides and Cyanolides (A-D) have significant anti-proliferative activity. | Ang et al., (2023); Pradeep et al., (2025) |
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Plate 1d) | False daisy | Whole plant is used in wound healing. | β-Caryophyllene and α-Humulene have strong neuroprotective and anti-tumour properties. | Ogunbinuet al., (2009); Sohe et al., (2026) |
Mikania micrantha Kunth (Plate 1e) | Climbing hempweed | Used in chicken pox treatment. | Germacrane-type Dilactones, Guaianolides and 11Hβ-11,13-dihydromicrantholide have significant cytotoxic activity and induce apoptosis. | Ríos et al., (2014); Khan et al., (2023) |
Parthenium hysterophorus L. | Congress grass | Used in the treatment of skin ailments. | Parthenin, Coronopilin, Hymenin and Ambrosin are known for their allelopathic, cytotoxic and anti-proliferative properties. | Picman and Towers, (1982); Patel, (2011); Kaur et al., (2021) |
Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski (Plate 1a) | Chinese wedelia | Fresh leaf pastes or juice are applied on cuts and wounds. | α-Caryophyllene (humulene), β-Caryophyllene, Germacrene have been detected in the plant and have anti-cancer properties. | Meena et al., (2011); Guchhait et al., (2024) |
Tridax procumbens L. | Tridaxdaisy | Leaves are used in treating catarrh. | α-Selinene and β-Caryophyllene have anti-proliferative properties. | Gubbiveeranna and Nagaraju, (2016); Coulibaly et al., (2020) |
Vicoa indica (L.) DC. (Plate 1c) | Indian golden daisy | Flower juice used for pimples. | Vicolides, known as sesquiterpene lactones, have anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic potential. | Alam et al., (1992); Tiwari, (2018) |
Future aspects
Future research on anticancer sesquiterpenes from the Asteraceae family should focus on isolation of novel compounds, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and molecular mechanism elucidation. Advanced techniques such as metabolomics, molecular docking and nanotechnology-based drug delivery can enhance the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Additionally, clinical validation and toxicity profiling are essential steps for translating these natural compounds into effective anticancer drugs. Sustainable cultivation and biotechnological production of high-value sesquiterpenes also play a key role in large-scale applications.
Conclusion
The Asteraceae family serves as a valuable natural reservoir of structurally diverse sesquiterpenes with significant anticancer properties. These compounds, particularly sesquiterpene lactones, show strong biological activities by targeting cancer cell proliferation and survival pathways. The increasing global burden of cancer highlights the importance of exploring plant-based alternatives and sesquiterpenoids from Asteraceae offer promising leads for future drug development. Integrating traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge with modern pharmacological research can accelerate the discovery of safer and more effective anticancer agents.
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